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Recognizing anatomical structure properties depicted within digital representations may be the first step to conceptual understanding. Comparing stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic visualizations, there is little evidence whether stereoscopic visualisations better support the recognition of anatomical structure properties. Likewise, insufficient indication is given whether working with stereoscopic visualizations is in connection with situational variables such as increased situational intrinsic motivation and decreased visual attention performance. To clarify these queries, the present study focused on two e-learning environments dealing with the anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity and with the anatomy and physiology of hearing. Participants were 8th grade students and teacher students. Working with stereoscopic imagery instead of non-stereoscopic imagery, both succeeded better in absolving anatomical structure-related tasks such as estimating anatomical spatial-relationships. Working with stereoscopic visualizations neither led to increased situational intrinsic motivation nor to decreased visual attention performance. On the one hand, the results show that stereoscopic visualization technology can be used without having any novelty effects. On the other hand, stereoscopic visualizations can be used without having impairments on visual working memory. Coming from these findings it should be investigated, whether the enhanced performance on anatomical structure-related tasks due to stereoscopic imagery can be used to also enhance conceptual understanding.
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Wirkung von körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität auf den physiologischen Spannungszustand der durch das Stresshormon Cortisol und die Sexualhormone Estradiol und Testosteron dargestellt wird.
Als körperich-sportliche Aktivität wurde ein eigenes entwickeltest Kurzprogramm (SeKA-Cardio) mit verschiedenen Durchführungsintensitäten untersucht. Abschließend folgte ein Vergleich mit einem Yoga-Kurzprogramm und einer Passivität.
Pollution through anthropogenic activities is a major threat for freshwater ecosystems. Metals are a relevant group of contaminants that affect aquatic organisms, communities, and ecosystems. This thesis aims at examining the effects of metal pollution across different levels of biological organisation in the anthropogenically degraded environment of the German River Rhine system and at discussing the role of the freshwater snail Theodoxus fluviatilis as an indicator organism. A field investigation to detect the effects of metal pollution at the macroinvertebrate community level in the River Rhine system shows that the measured metals are less relevant than geogenic originated factors at the sampling sites (paper 1). Additionally, the community structure is strongly characterised by a separation of non-native taxa in the River Rhine and native taxa in its tributaries. This indicates that the occurrence of invasive species could possibly be a factor structuring the macroinvertebrate community to such a high extent that the effects of other stressors are masked. Regarding the effects of metal pollution on the population, organism, and physiological level of the Danubian form of T. fluviatilis in the River Rhine, only the metal chromium affects the snail specimens negatively (paper 2). As the Danubian T. fluviatilis seems to be able to cope with the partly high concentrations of copper and zinc at the sampling sites, its suitability as an indicator for metal pollution is questionable. However, in the practice of Rhine monitoring, a distinction between the two occurring, phylogenetically different forms of T. fluviatilis is not made, though the original, native indicator has been replaced by the presumably more tolerant non-native Danubian form. An intraspecific variability in T. fluviatilis is assumed, for what first indications are found regarding differences in the infection of the two forms with parasitic trematodes (paper 3). The investigations about a possible intraspecific variability have to be complemented by comparative laboratory analyses, for which purpose an experiment with the two forms of T. fluviatilis is developed (paper 4). The results of this thesis show that investigations about the effects of pollutants in ecosystems should encompass a variety of responses across different levels of biological organisation, as well as the co-occurrence and interaction of various abiotic and biological stressors. Further, a possible intraspecific variability in the indicator organism T. fluviatilis has to be included in the monitoring strategies and ecological assessment of the anthropogenically degraded River Rhine system.